This module introduces the basic properties of operational amplifiers feedback, and their use in both linear and non-linear applications as well as the introduction of AC low frequency design. An introduction to Analogue signal conversion is also given.

THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER AS A TWO ENDED INPUT AMPLIFIER. Introduce the diff amp as the input element to Op Amps. Define the terms Differential Gain, Common Mode Gain and Common Mode Rejection Ratio OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS: Simplified internal view of a typical 3-stage op-amp, current limiting, open-loop transfer curve, offset error. Op-amp configurations; current in, voltage out etc. Finite gain errors. Slew limitations. OP-AMP LINEAR APPLICATIONS: Selected linear applications, including voltage amplifiers, regulators, integrators and instrumentation issues. FEEDBACK: Effects of feedback on gain, input impedance, output impedance, correction of disturbances. Bandwidth of single pole amplifiers. Op-amp frequency shaping networks. Placing poles and zeros in the closed loop response. OP-AMP NON-LINEAR APPLICATIONS: Comparators, Schmitt trigger, rectifiers, peak detectors etc. Non-linear oscillators (square-triangle), monostable circuits. A.C. COUPLED AMPLIFIERS: Low frequency limitations, break points, Bode plots, design steps. ANALOGUE SIGNAL CONVERSION: Introduction to D/A and A/D as system functions. D/A conversion using R-2R ladders with I/V conversion. DAC specifications. Description of A/D conversion using successive approximation method. Differential signalling, line drivers and hardware for serial data transmission.

describe the ideal and non ideal behavioural characteristics of the operational amplifier as a basic building block for active circuits recognise by comparison to experimental results the limitations that apply to simulations relate the concepts of negative feedback to real circuit implementations analyse and describe circuits involving operational amplifiers for linear and non linear applications design circuits to implement a given low-frequency specification illustrate the concepts of analogue signal conversion with reference to real A/D and D/A circuits

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demonstrate the ideal and non ideal behavioural characteristics of the operational amplifier as a basic building block for active circuits

The module will be delivered through a combination of Lectures, interactive problem classes and hands on laboratory sessions. Assessment will be by coursework, class test and end of semester exam.

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