* To introduce the special considerations for electric/electronic instruments attached to patients for the purposes of diagnosis or therapy. * To introduce the medical device directive and the regulatory environment. * To give the student a working knowledge of the operation of some medical equipment * To introduce the student to the scientific basis of the well known radiological equipment commonly in use in our hospitals and medical research institutes. * To provide a working knowledge of the operation of this equipment.

Introduction to regulatory bodies in the EU and US: CE, FDA etc.; 21 CFR, 510k, Medical Device Directive, Investigational Device Exemptions; Electrical isolation standards, implementation options; Laser Safety - EN 60825. Measurements in biological systems: obtaining a reference, ratiometric analysis, clinical requirements, Physiological monitoring; Invasive/non-invasive, Probes - Electrical, fibre optic, non-contact. Vital signs monitoring: ECG- Electro cardio gram, electrical function of the heart; EEG- Electro encephalo gram, electrical function of the brain; EMG- Electro myelo gram, electrical function of the muscle; Pulse Oximetry, optical measurement of arterial blood oxygen saturation; MAP- mean arterial pressure. Introduction to radiation transport in tissue: absorption/scattering theory (Mie, Rayleigh Gans), bulk scattering and bulk absorption, anisotropy, typical values for radiation transport properties, Monte Carlo modelling.X-RAY/CT: X-RAY generation and propagation, Introduction to tomography, Computed Tomography - Slicing the living human body. Ultrasound: Doppler effect, high frequency ultrasound, limitations. MRI/MRS: Magnetic Resonance basics, the hydrogen nucleus, proton spin and quantum mechanics; 3D map of hydrogen atoms and hence content of the sample volume, Properties and amount of water in tissue, distinction between contrast and content imaging.

Explain and Discuss, * The special considerations for electric/electronic instruments attached to patients for the purposes of diagnosis or therapy. * The medical device directive and the regulatory environment. * The scientific basis of the well known radiological equipment commonly in use in our hospitals and medical research. * Working knowledge of the operation of medical equipment. * Derive relevant equations from basic laws and principles. * Solve numerical problems, from information provided, on the topics covered.

* Discuss the importance of physics-based instrumentation in the provision of health care * Discuss the application of medical physics in healthcare academic and research environments.

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Students will learn via interactive lecture, experiential tutorial and problem based private study.